Mapping Online Hate in the 2025 Dutch Election Campaign

We analysed how online hate narratives spread during the 2025 Dutch parliamentary elections and found that xenophobic, anti-immigrant, anti-Muslim, and anti-LGBT+ narratives were consistently amplified, including through AI-generated and synthetic propaganda.

The report shows that political actors played a key role in legitimising these narratives via campaign messaging that benefited from platform algorithms, contributing to the normalisation of ideas such as “Great Replacement” and “remigration.”