At the core of the Great Replacement theory lies a fear of demographic decline, which fuels a misogynist narrative that targets women and migrants as primary scapegoats.

The Great Replacement theory, rooted in 19th-century white nationalism, has shifted from a fringe idea to a mainstream narrative, fuelling fears of immigration and cultural erosion.

Under the DSA, CSOs encounter both opportunities and challenges in their efforts to address online hate speech. To better understand the issues, EOOH conducted a needs assessment involving 30 CSOs.

The regulatory oversight appears to have a tangible impact on reducing harmful online behaviour.

How to report online hate to law enforcement, platforms, and civil society organisations? An overview of the available reporting mechanisms and recommendations to combat underreporting in Europe